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Erectile Dysfunction
Overview
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability of a man to achieve or
maintain an erection sufficient for his sexual needs or the needs
of his partner. Most men experience this at some point in their
lives, usually by age 40, and are not psychologically affected by
it.
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complete erectile dysfunction (impotence), and others, partial
or brief erections. Frequent erectile dysfunction can cause
emotional and relationship problems, and often leads to diminished
self-esteem. Erectile dysfunction has many causes, most of
which are treatable, and is not an inevitable consequence
of aging.
Incidence and Prevalence
The term "erectile dysfunction" can mean the inability
to achieve erection, an inconsistent ability to do so, or
the ability to achieve only brief erections. These various
definitions make estimating the incidence of erectile dysfunction
difficult. According to the National Institutes of Health
in 2002, an estimated 15 million to 30 million men in the
United States experience chronic erectile dysfunction.
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Anatomy
of the Penis
The internal structure of the penis consists of two cylinder-shaped
vascular tissue bodies (corpora cavernosa) that run throughout
the penis; the urethra (tube for expelling urine and ejaculate);
erectile tissue surrounding the urethra; two main arteries;
and several veins and nerves. The longest part of the penis
is the shaft, at the end of which is the head, or glans penis.
The opening at the tip of the glans, which allows for urination
and ejaculation, is the meatus.
Physiology of Erection
The physiological process of erection begins in the brain
and involves the nervous and vascular systems. Neurotransmitters
in the brain (e.g., epinephrine, acetylcholine, nitric oxide)
are some of the chemicals that initiate it. Physical or
psychological stimulation (arousal) causes nerves to send
messages to the vascular system, which results in significant
blood flow to the penis. Two arteries in the penis supply
blood to erectile tissue and the corpora cavernosa, which
become engorged and expand as a result of increased blood
flow and pressure.
Because blood must stay in the penis to maintain rigidity,
erectile tissue is enclosed by fibrous elastic sheathes (tunicae)
that cinch to prevent blood from leaving the penis during
erection. When stimulation ends, or following ejaculation,
pressure in the penis decreases, blood is released, and the
penis resumes its normal shape.
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Inner Penis
To the left is a diagram of the inner penis.
You can see how the arteries close up to prevent blood
flow into the penis cylinders which create the erection.
These blocked arteries are what is known as erectile dysfunction. |
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Erect Penis
During an erection, the arteries in the penis
widen to allow more blood flow in. The blood fills the
cylinders inside the penis called the Corpora Cavernosa
and the Corpus Spongisum. Blood must
be able to reach and remain in the erectile tissues to
maintain erection quality. |
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